![]() Sometimes one or more letters are omitted to shorten a word or term. In these examples, the scientist and the robot possess two different sets of abilities, and the engineers and the operators face two separate kinds of problem. The freezing of pipelines is both the engineers’ and the operators’ problem.The scientist’s and the robot’s abilities were quite different.When multiple nouns individually own other nouns, however, add an apostrophe after all of the owning nouns. In these examples, the same love is possessed by both Frida and Diego, and the same research paper was written collectively by McDonald, Ferriss and Bane. This solution was first suggested in McDonald, Ferriss and Bane’s well-known research paper.Frida and Diego’s love was complicated.When multiple nouns jointly own one noun, an apostrophe is added after the last noun only. The ANC’s history is complex and controversial.Pollen’s harmful effects are well known.This also applies to collective nouns, uncountable nouns and acronyms. If a plural noun does not end in s, add ’s as you would for a singular noun. The United States’ military budget is far larger than any other country ’s.The same rule applies to proper nouns and singular entities that end with a plural noun. The two species’ habitats are very different.We present new evidence of the pirates’ intentions.This also applies to words where the singular and the plural take the same form. In this case, to indicate possession, add only an apostrophe to the end of the word. This paper builds on Adams’s (2017) research.This paper builds on Adams (2017)’s research.Note that when you are citing a source, the apostrophe is attached to the author’s name, not to the in-text citation. If in doubt, however, adding ’ s is the safest choice. Some guides allow you to add only an apostrophe in cases where the extra s would be awkward to pronounce aloud. The details of Jesus’s life remain a matter of debate.With proper nouns that ends in s, most style guides-including APA and MLA-recommend adding ’s. The princess’s role has become less traditional.A series of actions led to Captain Cook’s demise.This also applies to names and other proper nouns. To indicate possession with a singular noun, add ’s at the end of the word. Possessive apostrophes with singular nounsĪpostrophes are used in possessive nouns to indicate that something belongs to something or someone else. Possessive apostrophes with plural nouns.Possessive apostrophes with singular nouns.Several NGOs were present at the conference.ĭuring the 2010s politics slid into confusion. Remember what happened three Christmases ago? In the last quarter, BP’s profits dropped. The crowd’s applause could be heard for miles. This study examines the company’s efforts to expand. Make sure to use them correctly, especially when dealing with plurals and abbreviations. Indicating a contraction (e.g., She’s writing a paper)Ĭontractions should be avoided in academic writing, but possessive apostrophes are used in all types of writing.Indicating possession (e.g., The student’s paper).Apostrophes | Definition, Guide, Rules & Examples
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